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5 types of more frequent infantile cancer
The children may have cancer in the same parts of the body than adults, but there are differences.The cancers of the Children can occur suddenly, without precooked symptoms , and have an index of healing elevated.
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The CancerInfantil are developed in the wake of mutations (or changes) not inherited in the genes of some cells They are still in the process of growth.
Once diagnosed, it is important that parents seek help for their son in a medical center specializing in Pediatric oncology (treatment of cancerInfantil ).
Cancer that most affect to the Children:
Leukemia
The leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells (leukocytes). It is the most common type in children . The White blood cells help your body combat infections; However, in cases of leukemia , the bone marrow produces white blood cells . Otorrino at Merida
These cells replace healthy blood cells and make it difficult for the blood> complies with its function. The leukemiaaguda is a rate of rapid growth and The leukemic grows slowly. Children with leukemia usually have one of the acute types.
Risk factors for the Leukemiaen children include having a brother or sister with this cancer, having certain genetic disorders and receiving treatment with radiation or chemotherapy . Generally, the Children's Leukemia is cured with treatment: Chemotherapy , Drugs and radiation . In some cases, a bone marrow transplant and Stem cells can help.
Brain tumors
The brain tumors are bulges within the skull . They are among the most common types of Cancers < / Strong> In Children . Some are benign tumors , which are not cancerous. Even so, they can be serious. The malignant tumors are cancerous.
Symptoms may include:
1. Headache Vomiting and nausea Depression muscles
Treatment in the Children is sometimes different from the one used for adults.The Side effects long-term are an important aspect.The options also depend on the type of tumor and its location.Frequently it is possible to remove the tumor ;When it is not, radiation , chemotherapy or both can be used.
Lymphoma
The lymphoma Appears when a Lymphocyte , a type of White globule , starts multiplying and leaves the healthy> cells without space. The Lymphocytes CANCEROS CREATE Tumors that enlarge the Lymphatic lymph nodes .
There are many types of Lymphoma : A type is called Hodgkin's disease; The rest is known as No Hodgkin Lymphoma .The Lymphomas no Hodgkin start when a type of G White lobes , called T cells or B cells , are abnormal. The cells are divided over and over again increasing the abnormal cells.
Abnormal cells can be spread to almost all other parts of the body. Most of the time, doctors can not determine why a person develops a Lymphoma No Hodgkin .
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Sarcoma of soft tissue
The Soft tissue sarcoma is a cancer in the soft tissues , which connect, support or surround others tissues Some examples include muscles , tendons , grease and blood vessels .
There are many types, based on the type of fabric in which they start. Sometimes they are spread and pressure on the and other organs, causing problems such as pain or difficulty breathing .
It is not known exactly the cause of these cancers , but a greater risk is running if it was exposed to certain chemical substances , radiotherapy or has any genetic disease .
To diagnose Sarcomas of the soft tissue , doctors should extirpar and examine a part of the tumor in the microscope. The treatment includes surgery , radiotherapy , chemotherapy or a combination of these.
osteosarcoma
The osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer and one of the most incidental during the childhood . Although there are other types that over time can be extended to parts of the skeleton , this is one of the few who actually begin in the bones and sometimes extend to other parties, usually at < Strong> Lungs or other bones .
Since the osteosarcoma is usually developed from the osteoblasts (the cells that form bone tissue), more often affects the Adolescents who are experiencing a Growth fast in Height .
Remember that there is a greater incidence between the children that among the Girls and, in most cases, it affects the Bones of the knee . The children who have inherited one of the Rare cancer syndromes also have a higher risk of suffering this disease . & iexcl; take care!
How to identify a melanoma?
The most dangerous form of skin cancer is melanoma, which can be a serious illness if it extends to the internal organs; For this reason it is very important to know how to identify a melanoma and its early detection, paying special attention to polka dots, brown spots and skin growth.
Risks of a melanoma
The increased risk of the appearance of a melanoma depends on several factors, such as exposure to the sun, family history or the number of polka dots that appear on the skin among others.
UVA and UVB rays are dangerous for skin, and can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, especially solar burns with appearance of ampoules in early childhood.
Also people who have the clearest skin have more risk of suffering from skin cancer and those who have suffered a melanoma suffer more risk of recurrence, and those with a first-degree relative with diagnosis of melanoma have 50% more of probabilities of developing the disease than those who do not have a family history.
Recognize a melanoma
Self-examins can help identify early skin cancers, and so that self-examination is successful, it is necessary to know what is being looking for. As a general rule, to detect any melanoma, special attention must be paid to the following alarm signals:
New polka dots or growth.
Any type of existing tumors that begin to grow or change.
injuries that cause itch, bleed, or who do not heal.
Most important signs to take into account in the polka dots
Asymmetry: The lunar is always benign when it is symmetrical; That is, if you draw an imaginary line by means, the two parties match, if the two halves do not match, it means that it is asymmetric and will be a warning signal for melanoma.
Borders: A benign lunar presents soft edges, unlike melanomas, which tend to be uneven, scalloped or present notches.
Color: Most benign polka dots appear from the same color, often with a single tone of brown, or can present a variety of colors, such as black, different shades of brown, reddish, White or bluish is another warning sign of a possible melanoma.
Diameter: Benign polka dots usually have a diameter smaller than malignant tumors, since melanomas generally measure more than 6 mm., but sometimes they can be smaller when they are detected by first time.
Evolution: Common benign polka dots have the same look over time, from there to maintain caution when a lunar begins to change somehow; Therefore, any change in terms of size, color, shape, elevation, or any new symptom, such as bleeding, itching or occurrence of crust, you must consult it urgently with your doctor.
I hope that with this post we have helped you know how to identify a melanoma. Although as we always tell you to the smallest alarm signal you must go to a professional so that it can be diagnosed correctly
What is colorectal cancer?
Colorectal cancer is a term that is used for cancer that originates in the colon or rectum. These cancers can be called separately colon cancer or rectal cancer (rectal) depending on the place where it originates.
Both colon cancer and rectal cancer share many characteristics in common. Both types of cancer will be analyzed together in this document, except in the section on the treatment, where they will be analyzed separately.
The normal digestive system
The colon and rectum are parts of the digestive system, which is also called gastrointestinal system or GI (see the illustration below). The first part of the digestive system (the stomach and the small intestine) processes the food to obtain energy while the final part (the colon and the rectum) absorbs liquid to form solid waste (excrement or feces) that then leave the body. To understand colorectal cancer, it is useful to know a little about the normal structure of the digestive system and how it works.
After chewing and swallowing food, they move through the esophagus to the stomach. There, they decompose partially and go to the small intestine. It is called slim intestine because it is narrower than the large intestine (colon and straight), but in reality the small intestine is the longest segment of the digestive system (about 20 feet). The small intestine continues to digest food and absorb most nutrients.
This intestine joins the large intestine in the lower lower abdomen. Most of the thick intestine is composed of the colon, a muscle conduit of approximately 5 feet of length that absorbs water and salt of food and serves as a storage area for waste storage.
The colon consists of four sections:
The first section is called ascending colon. Start with a small bag (blind) where the small intestine joins the colon and extends up on the right side of the abdomen. The blind man is also located where the appendix joins the colon.
The second section is called transverse colon since it extends through the body on the right side to the left side on the upper abdomen.
The third section, the descending colon, continues down on the left side.
The Fourth and Last Section is known as Sigmoid Colon due to its form in & ldquo; s ” o Form & ldquo; sigmoide ”.
The waste material that remains after passing through the colon is known as fecal stools or excrement, which passes to the rectum, the final part of the digestive system whose length is 6 inches, where it is stored until it passes out of the Body through the anus.
The wall of the colon and the rectum is composed of several layers (see illustration in the section on stage classification). Colorectal cancer originates in the innermost layer and can grow through some or all other layers. It is important to know something about these layers, since the stage or stadium (spread of the propagation) of colorectal cancer depends to a large extent on how deep it grows in these layers. If you want more information, see the section & Ldquo; How is Colorectal cancer classified by stages? ".
Abnormal growths in the colon or in the rectum
Most colorectal cancers are developed slowly for several years. Before cancer originates, a tissue growth is usually formed or a tumor that is a non-cancerous polyp in the internal colon or rectum coating. A tumor consists of abnormal tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A polyp is a benign, non-cancerous tumor. Some polyps (not all) can be transformed into cancer, and the probability of transforming cancer depends on the kind of polyp: the two main types of polyps are:
Adenomatous polyps (adenomas) are polyps that can be transformed into cancer. Because of this, adenomas are called a precancerous condition.
Inflammatory polyps and hyperplastic polyps, usually, are not precancerous. But some doctors believe that some hyperplastic polyps can become precancerous or can be a sign of an increased risk of adenomas and cancer, particularly when these polyps grow in the ascending colon.
The dysplasia is another kind of precancerous condition. Dysplasia is an area in the colon or rectum coating where the cells look abnormal (but not as real cancer cells) when they are observed with a microscope. These cells can be transformed into cancer with the passage of time. In general, dysplasia is presented in people who have had diseases, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, for many years. Both diseases cause chronic inflammation of the colon.
Principle and propagation of colorectal cancer
If cancer is formed inside a polyp, over time, you can start growing in the thickness of the colon wall or the rectum. When cancer cells are on the wall, they can grow towards blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic vessels are thin and tiny channels that transport waste material and liquid. The waste and liquid material first reaches the adjacent lymph nodes, which are structures that contain immunological cells that help fight infections. Once the cancer cells propagate to the blood vessels or lymphatic, they can move to the adjacent lymph nodes or the distant parts of the body, such as the liver. When the cancer propagates at different parts of the body is called metastasis.
Types of cancer in the colon and the rectum
Various types of cancer can start on the colon or rectum.
Adenocarcinomas: More than 95% of colorectal cancers are a type of cancer known as adenocarcinomas. These cancers begin in the cells that form glands that produce mucus to lubricate the interior of the colon and the rectum. Almost always that doctors talk about colorectal cancer refer to this type of cancer.
Other types of less common tumors can also start on the colon and in the rectum. Among these are included:
Carcinoid tumors: These tumors originate from specialized cells producers of intestine hormones. Carcinoid tumors are discussed in our Gastrointestinal document.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: These tumors originate from specialized cells on the wall of the colon called interstitial Cajal cells. Some are benign (non-cancerous), while others are malignant (cancerous). These tumors can be found anywhere in the digestive tract, although these are uncommon in the colon. Stromal Tumors (GIST) are discussed in our Gastrointestinal document.
Lymphomas: These are cancers of the cells of the immune system that are typically formed in the lymph nodes, but that can also start on the colon and the rectum or in other organs. In our document on non-Hodgkin lymphoma information is included on the lymphomas of the digestive system.
Sarcomas: These tumors can start in blood vessels, as well as in muscle and connective tissue on the wall of the colon and rectum. The sarcomas of the colon or rectum are rare, and are discussed in our Sarcoma document: soft tissue cancer in adults.
The rest of this document is concentrated only in the adenocarcinomas of the colon and the rectum.
What is breast cancer?
Breast cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of the mammary cells. To better understand breast cancer, we must understand how any cancer develops.
Cancer is the result of mutations, or anomalous changes, in genes that regulate the growth of cells and keep them healthy. The genes are in the core of the cells, which acts as the & ldquo; control room ” of each cell. Normally, the cells of the body are renewed by a specific process called multiplication: the new and healthy cells occupy the place of the old cells that die. But with the passage of time, mutations can & ldquo; activate ” Certain genes Y & Ldquo; deactivate ” Others in a cell. The modified cell acquires the ability to divide without any type of control or order, so that it produces more equal cells and generates a tumor.
A tumor can be benign (it is not dangerous for health) or malignant (it is potentially dangerous). Benign tumors are not considered cancerous: their cells have an almost normal appearance, grow slowly and do not invade upcoming tissues or spread towards other parts of the body. Malignant tumors are cancerous. If not controlled, malignant cells can spread beyond the original tumor to other parts of the body.
The term & ldquo; breast cancer ” It refers to a malignant tumor that has been developed from mammary cells. Generally, breast cancer originates in the cells of the lobulillos, which are the milk producing glands, or in the ducts, which are the pathways that transport milk from the wobils to the nipple. With less frequently, breast cancer can originate in strumbered tissues, which include fatty and fibrous combined tissues of the breast.
Breast cancer always originates by a genetic anomaly (a & ldquo; error ” in the genetic material). However, only 5-10% of cases are the product of an inherited anomaly of the mother or father. About 90% of cases originate in genetic abnormalities linked to the aging and ldquo process; natural wear ” of life.
While there are steps that every person can follow to keep his body as safe as possible (follow a balanced diet, not smoking, limiting alcohol consumption and exercising on a regular basis), the development of breast cancer does not have guilty . Feeling guilty or thinking that the disease appeared due to something you did or who made another person is counterproductive.
Breast cancer states
Status 0: Cancer cells remain inside the breast duct and do not invade the normal breast tissue that is next.
State I: The tumor has 2 centimeters or less and is limited to the breast (lymph nodes are not affected).
State IIA: There is no tumor in the breast, but cancer cells are detected in the axillary lymph nodes (under the arm) | The tumor measures 2 centimeters or less and has spread towards the Axillary lymph nodes | Tumor measures between 2 and 5 centimeters and has not spread towards the axillary lymph nodes.
IIB State: The tumor measures between 2 and 5 centimeters and has spread towards the axillary lymph nodes | The tumor measures more than 5 centimeters, but has not spread towards the axillary lymph nodes.
State IIIA: No tumor is detected in the breast. Cancer is found in the axillary lymph nodes that are attached to each other or other structures, or is found in the lymph nodes near sternum | The tumor is of any size. Cancer has spread towards the axillary lymph nodes, which are adhered to each other or to other structures, or is found in the lymph nodes near the sternum.
State IIIB: The tumor can be of any size and has spread to the chest wall or the skin of the breast | It may have spread towards the axillary lymph nodes that are agglutinated with each other or adhered to other structures, or the cancer could have spread towards the lymph nodes near the sternum.
Inflammatory breast cancer belongs at least to the IIIB state.
State IIIC: There may be no indications of cancer in the breast or a tumor can be of any size and have spread towards the chest wall or the skin of the breast | Cancer has spread Towards the lymph nodes on or under the clavicle | Cancer may have spread towards the axillary lymph nodes or towards the lymph nodes near the sternum.
State IV: Cancer has spread (metastatized) to other parts of the body.
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